Pregnant women and substance use disorder

These analyses are focus on pregnant persons who responded to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2021. The first set of analyses focuses on alcohol, whereas the second set focuses on heroin.

Substance Use Disorder: Alcohol

  • Most pregnant people with an alcohol SUD had not been arrested and booked (lifetime) or been on probation in the past 12 months
  • However, compared to pregnant people without an alcohol SUD, pregnant people with an alcohol SUD were
    • Twice as likely to have been arrested in their lifetimeNine times more likely to have been on probation in the past year

Among Pregnant Persons in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2021: Those with and without Alcohol Use Disorder who were ever arrested and booked

Among Pregnant Persons in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2021: Those with and without Alcohol Use Disorder who were on probation during the past 12 months:


Substance Use Disorder: Heroin

  • Most pregnant people with a heroin SUD had been arrested and booked (lifetime) and about half had been on probation in the past 12 months
  • Compared to pregnant people without a heroin SUD, pregnant people with a heroin SUD were
    • 10 times as likely to have been arrested in their lifetime
    • 20 times more likely to have been on probation in the past year
  • Pregnant people with SUDs, especially opioid use disorders, are likely to experience criminalization

Among Pregnant Persons in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2021: Those with and without Heroin Use Disorder who were ever arrested and booked

Among Pregnant Persons in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2021: Those with and without Heroin Use Disorder who were on probation during the past 12 months

Course Syllabus

Not Enrolled
Scope of the Issue
Does the US really incarcerate more people than any other country in the world?
How has the number of people incarcerated in the US changed over time?
Key terms
How many people are arrested each year in the US?
Why are there such stark racial and economic inequities in incarceration in the US?
What role do jails play in mass incarceration?
How many people are on probation or parole?
How many women are incarcerated in the US?
Section 1 Quiz
Intersecting Vulnerabilities
What proportion of people who are incarcerated have health and mental health concerns?
What proportion of people who are incarcerated have substance use disorders?
Co-occurence of mental health and substance use disorders in people who were arrested
How are biomedical scientists re-envisioning how the justice system responds to the opioid crisis?
Pregnant women and substance use disorder
Nora’s blog: Pregnant people with substance use disorders need treatment, not criminalization
Section 2 Quiz
"We Are Just Kids"
How many parents are incarcerated in the US?
How many children have a parent incarcerated in jail or prison in the US?
Where do children live during parental incarceration?
Parental incarceration as an adverse childhood experience
What child outcomes are associated with parental incarceration?
Is parental incarceration ever helpful for children?
Does parental incarceration affect children differently depending on the child’s age at the time of the experience?
What is associated with increased stress for children with incarcerated parents?
A parent’s arrest, even if it does not lead to incarceration, can also be challenging for children
Racial Inequities in Arrests
Stressors associated with parental justice system involvement
Stressors and recidivism
Resilience processes for children are more likely when ...
From Stigma to Support
Studies on stigma and incarceration
The language that we use
Can you change your thinking?
Sesame Street in Communities
Listening to youth voices
What can HBCD teams do to support justice-involved families in research?
How policies can respond to parental incarceration
Further reading
Section 4 Quiz
Closing video