What child outcomes are associated with parental incarceration?

Children with incarcerated parents, on average, are more likely than their peers to experience:

• Infant mortality
• Health concerns
• Poor mental and physical health in adulthood
• Internalizing and externalizing behavior problems
• Challenging academic outcomes
• Additional child adversity

(These results are robust even when controlling for “selection” factors or variables that may differ across groups before parental incarceration; also, please note that the evidence is correlational and not necessarily causal.)